|
Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
|
Larynx
|
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral Cavity
|
|
Pharynx: All Combined
|
|
Salivary Gland
|
|
Upper Aerodigestive Tract (Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Oesophagus)
|
|
Acheson Process, occupational exposure associated with
|
Lung
|
|
Acid mists, strong inorganic
|
Larynx
|
|
Aflatoxins
|
Liver
|
|
Alcoholic beverages
|
Breast
|
|
Colon
|
|
Larynx
|
|
Liver
|
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral Cavity
|
|
Pharynx: All Combined
|
|
Rectum
|
|
Upper Aerodigestive Tract (Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Oesophagus)
|
|
Aluminium production
|
Lung
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
4-Aminobiphenyl
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Areca Nut
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Aristolochic acid
|
Renal pelvis and ureter
|
|
Aristolochic acid, plants containing
|
Renal pelvis and ureter
|
|
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
|
Lung
|
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Asbestos (all forms), including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysolite, crocidolite, tremolite) NB Mineral substances (e.g., talc or vermiculite) that contain asbestos should be Regarded as carcinogenic to humans
|
Larynx
|
|
Lung
|
|
Mesothelium (Pleura, Peritoneum, and Other)
|
|
Ovary
|
|
Auramine production
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Azathioprine
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: all combined
|
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Benzene
|
Leukaemia Acute Myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia Other Acute Non-Lymphocytic
|
|
Benzidine
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Benzidine, dyes metabolized to
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Benzo[a]pyrene
|
(Sufficient evidence in experimental animals)
|
|
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
|
Lung
|
|
Betel quid with tobacco (betel quid is any chewing substance that contains areca nut)
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral Cavity
|
|
Pharynx: All combined
|
|
Betel quid without tobacco (Betel quid is any chewing substance that contains areca nut)
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade)
|
Lung
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Busulfan
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
1,3-Butadiene
|
Leukaemia: All Combined
|
|
Lymphoma: All Combined
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
|
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
|
Lung
|
|
Chlorambucil
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Chlornaphazine
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Chromium(VI) compounds
|
Lung
|
|
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
|
Bile duct
|
|
Coal gasification
|
Lung
|
|
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion
|
Lung
|
|
Coal-tar distillation
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Coal-tar pitch
|
Lung
|
|
Coke production
|
Lung
|
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Cyclosporine
|
Multiple sites (unspecified)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: all combined
|
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
1,2-Dichloropropane
|
Bile duct
|
|
Diethylstilbestrol
|
Breast
|
|
Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero)
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Vagina
|
|
Engine Exhaust, diesel
|
Lung
|
|
Epstein-Barr virus
|
Hodgkin lymphoma
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Burkitt lymphoma
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Extranodal; NK/T-cell Lymphoma (nasal type)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Immunosuppression-related lymphoma
|
|
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
|
|
Erionite
|
Mesothelium (pleura, peritoneum, and other)
|
|
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
|
Breast
|
|
Endometrium
|
|
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)
|
Breast
|
|
Liver
|
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
|
Endometrium
|
|
Ovary
|
|
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
|
Breast
|
|
Colon
|
|
Larynx
|
|
Larynx
|
|
Liver
|
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Pharynx: All combined
|
|
Rectum
|
|
Upper aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus)
|
|
Ethylene oxide
|
Limited evidence – Lymphatic And hematopoietic cancers (specifically lymphoid tumours, ie. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia), and breast
|
|
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)
|
Mesothelium (pleura, peritoneum, and other)
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Fission products, including strontium 90
|
Leukaemia: all combined
|
|
Leukaemia, childhood: all combined
|
|
Multiple sites (unspecified)
|
|
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
|
Mesothelium (pleura, peritoneum, and other)
|
|
Formaldehyde
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, chronic myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, other acute non- lymphocytic
|
|
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
|
|
Haematite mining (underground)- radon exposure
|
Lung
|
|
Helicobacter Pylori (infection with)
|
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: low Grade B-cell mucosa Associated lymphoid Tissue (MALT) gastric lymphoma
|
|
Stomach
|
|
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
|
Liver
|
|
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
|
Liver
|
|
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all Combined
|
|
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
|
Anus
|
|
Breast
|
|
Endothelium (Karposi sarcoma)
|
|
Eye
|
|
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: all combined
|
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Human papillomavirus type 16
|
Anus
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Penis
|
|
Pharynx: Oropharynx
|
|
Pharynx: Tonsil
|
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Vagina
|
|
Vulva
|
|
Human papillomavirus 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1
|
Leukaemia/lymphoma, Adult T- Cell
|
|
Ionizing radiation: all types
|
(No human studies, but causes more DNA damage than x and gamma radiation)
|
|
Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
|
Lung
|
|
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Karposi sarcoma herpesvirus
|
Endothelium (Karposi sarcoma)
|
|
Primary effusion lymphoma
|
|
Leather dust
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Lindane
|
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all Combined
|
|
Magenta production
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Melphalen
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA)
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Methyl-CCNU
|
Acute myeloid leukaemia
|
|
4,4”-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
|
(Sufficient evidence in experimental animals)
|
|
Mineral Oils, untreated or mildly treated
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Lung
|
|
2-Naphthylamine
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Neutron radiation
|
(No human studies, but causes more DNA damage than x and gamma radiation)
|
|
Nickel compounds
|
Lung
|
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) – In tobacco products
|
(Sufficient evidence in experimental animals)
|
|
Opisthorchis viverrine (infection with) Opisthorchis viverrine (infection with) Bile ductOpisthorchis viverrine (infection with)
|
Bile duct
|
|
Opium consumption
|
Larynx
|
|
Lung
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Ortho-Toluidine
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Outdoor air pollution
|
Lung
|
|
Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in
|
Lung
|
|
Painter (occupational exposure as a)
|
Lung Mesothelium (pleura, peritoneum, and other)
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
3,4,5,3,”,4”- Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
|
Malignant melanoma
|
|
Positive association – Breast Non-Hodkin’s lymphoma
|
|
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachloro dibenzofuran
|
(Sufficient evidence in experimental animals)
|
|
Pentachlorophenol
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: all Combined
|
|
Phenacetin
|
Renal pelvis and ureter
|
|
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
|
Renal pelvis and ureter
|
|
Phosphorus-32, as phosphorous
|
Leukaemia, acute lymphocytic
|
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, other acute non- Lymphocytic
|
|
Plutonium
|
Bone
|
|
Liver
|
|
Lung
|
|
Bile duct
|
|
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
|
Skin (melanoma)
|
|
Positive association – Breast Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
|
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalent Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189) Breast
|
Skin (melanoma)
|
|
Positive association – Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
|
Processed meat, consumption of
|
Colon
|
|
Rectum
|
|
Radioiodines, including iodine-131
|
Thyroid
|
|
Radionuclides, alpha-particle emitting, internally deposited (Individually listed)
|
|
|
Radionuclides, beta-particle emitting, internally deposited (Individually listed)
|
|
|
Radium-222 and its decaying products
|
Lung
|
|
Radium-224 and its decaying products
|
Bone
|
|
Radium-226 and its decaying products
|
Bone
|
|
Mastoid process
|
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Radium-228 and its decaying products
|
Bone
|
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Radon- 222
|
Lung
|
|
Positive association - Leukaemia
|
|
Rubber manufacturing industry
|
Leukaemia: all combined
|
|
Lung
|
|
Lymphoma: all combined
|
|
Stomach
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Salted fish, Chinese style
|
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
|
|
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1- nitrosourea,Methyl-CCNU]
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Shale oils
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
|
Lung
|
|
Solar radiation-ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400nm, Encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)
|
Skin (melanoma)
|
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Sulfur mustard
|
Lung
|
|
Tamoxifen
|
Endometrium
|
|
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD), “dioxin”
|
All cancer sites (combined)
|
|
Positive association – Lung Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Soft tissue sarcoma
|
|
Thiotepa
|
Leukaemia: all combined
|
|
Thorium-232 and its decay products (Thorotrast)
|
Bile duct
|
|
Gall bladder
|
|
Leukaemia, acute lymphocytic
|
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, childhood: all combined
|
|
Leukaemia, chronic myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia/lymphoma, Adult T- cell
|
|
Leukaemia, other acute non- lymphocytic
|
|
Liver Positive association –
|
|
Pancreas
|
|
Prostate
|
|
Tobacco smoke, secondhand
|
Lung
|
|
Tobacco, smokeless
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Pancreas
|
|
Tobacco smoking
|
Bile duct
|
|
Colon
|
|
Kidney
|
|
Larynx
|
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, chronic myeloid
|
|
Liver (in smokers and smokers’ Children)
|
|
Lung
|
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Ovary
|
|
Pancreas
|
|
Pharynx: All combined
|
|
Rectum
|
|
Renal pelvis and ureter
|
|
Stomach
|
|
Upper aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus)
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Uterine cervix
|
|
Treosulfan
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Trichloroethylene
|
Kidney
|
|
Ultra-violet emissions from welding
|
Eye
|
|
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
|
Eye Skin (melanoma)
|
|
Vinyl chloride
|
Liver
|
|
Welding fumes
|
Lung
|
|
Wood dust
|
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
|
|
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
|
|
X- and Gamma-radiation -
|
Bone
|
|
Brain
|
|
Breast
|
|
Colon
|
|
Kidney
|
|
Leukaemia, acute lymphocytic
|
|
Leukaemia, acute myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia, childhood: all combined
|
|
Leukaemia, chronic myeloid
|
|
Leukaemia/lymphoma, Adult Tcell
|
|
Leukaemia, other acute nonlymphocytic
|
|
Lung
|
|
Oesophagus
|
|
Salivary Gland
|
|
Skin (malignant non-melanoma)
|
|
Stomach
|
|
Thyroid
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
X- and Gamma-radiation (exposure in utero)
|
Multiple sites (unspecified)
|
