Exposure Known to Cause Cancer (IARC Monographs Vols. 1-134)

Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
Acid mists, strong inorganic
Aflatoxins
Alcoholic beverages
Alpha particles (see Radionuclides)
Aluminium production
4-Aminobiphenyl
Areca nut
Aristolochic acid
Aristolochic acid, plants containing
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)
Auramine production
Azathioprine
Benzene
Benzidine, dyes metabolized to
Benzo[a]pyrene
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
Beta particles (see Radionuclides)
Betel quid with tobacco
Betel quid without tobacco
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)
Busulfan
1,3-Butadiene
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
Chlorambucil
Chlornaphazine
Chromium (VI) compounds
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with
Coal gasification
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
Coal-tar distillation
Coal-tar pitch
Coke production
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine
1,2-Dichloropropane
Diethylstilbestrol
Engine exhaust, diesel
Epstein-Barr virus
Erionite
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)
Fission products, including strontium-90
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
Formaldehyde
Haematite mining (underground)
Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18
Ionizing radiation (all types)
Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
Leather dust
Lindane (see also Hexachlorocyclohexanes)
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
Magenta production
Melphalan
Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
2-Naphthylamine
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
Opium consumption
Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen (see Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives)
ortho-Toluidine
Outdoor air pollution
Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in
Painter (occupational exposure as a)
3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
Pentachlorophenol (see also Polychlorophenols)
Phenacetin
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
Plutonium
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs
77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)
Processed meat (consumption of)
Radioiodines, including iodine-131
Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited
Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited
Radium-224 and its decay products
Radium-226 and its decay products
Radium-228 and its decay products
Radon-222 and its decay products
Rubber manufacturing industry
Salted fish, Chinese style
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]
Shale oils
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
Solar radiation (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC);
Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices)
Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
Sulfur mustard
Talc containing asbestiform fibres (see Asbestos)
Tamoxifen
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
Thiotepa
Thorium-232 and its decay products
Tobacco smoke, second-hand
Tobacco smoking
Tobacco, smokeless
Treosulfan
Trichloroethylene
Ultraviolet radiation from welding (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing
UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)
Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) (see Ultraviolet
radiation from welding; Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing
UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Solar radiation)
Uranium, mixture of isotopes (see Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited)
Vinyl chloride
Welding fumes
Wood dust
X- and Gamma-Radiation