WORKPLACES, ENVIRONMENTS, AND BEHAVIORS AND RELATED IARC KNOWN CARCINOGENIC AGENTS WITH ASSOCIATED CANCER SITES WITH SUFFICIENT (1) AND LIMITED EVIDENCE (2A) IN HUMANS, IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUMES 1 – 100, VOLUME 120, AND OTHER PUBLISHED EVIDENCE
| Aerospace industry |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) Trichloroethylene – kidney (1) (Vol. 106) (2014) Limited Evidence – Trichloroethylene – NHL, liver (1) (Vol. 106) (2014) |
| Agricultural chemicals, production |
2-nitrotoluene (2A) (Vol. 101) (2013) (possible Bladder, but IARC did not state) (used In manufacture of azo dyes, other dyes, such Magenta, sulfur dyes, rubber chemicals, Agricultural chemicals, and explosives) |
|
Agricultural work in soil contaminated with erionite |
Erionite – mesothelioma (Vol. 100C) |
| Agricultural workers |
Lindane (banned in most countries) – Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 113) (2018) |
| Aircraft workers |
Trichloroethylene – kidney (1) (Vol. 106) (2014) Limited Evidence – Trichloroethylene – NHL, liver (1) (Vol. 106) (2014) |
| Alcohol beverages, consumption |
Acetaldehyde associated with alcohol beverages consumption (1) (Vol 100E) (2012) - head Alcohol beverages (1) (Vol. 100E) (2012) - Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, female breast Limited Evidence – Alcoholic beverages (1) (Vol. 100E) (2012) - Pancreas |
| Aluminium production |
Aluminium production, PAH-related exposures – Lung, urinary bladder (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Anatomists |
Formaldehyde – Nasopharynx, leukemia (particularly myeloid leukemia after maternal exposure before or during pregnancy or both) (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde Sinonasal cancer, nasal cavity, paranasal (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Animal feed factories |
Aflatoxins, naturally occurring fungal toxins (Vol. 100F) (2012) – Hepatocellular Carcinoma, liver, bile duct |
|
Armed forces, military exposed to mustard gas |
Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) - Lung Limited Evidence – Sulfur mustard Larynx (Vol. 100E) (2012) - |
|
Atomic-bomb survivors and in-utero exposure (off-spring of atomic-bomb survivors) |
X-radiation or Gamma-radiation – Salivary - gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, skin (BCC), female breast, urinary bladder, brain and CNS, leukaemia (excluding CLL), thyroid, kidney ( atomic- bomb survivors, medical patients, multiple sites (in-utero exposure) (1) (Vol.100D) (2012) |
| Auramine production |
Auramine production, aromatic amine exposures - Urinary bladder (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Automotive parts manufacture and use |
Beryllium and Beryllium compounds - Lung (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Barbers |
Vinyl chloride (hairspray in 1970’s, Infante and Petty, 2009) - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Battery makers, storage |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Benzidine manufacturing, use, and storage |
Benzidine – Urinary bladder (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Beryllium smelting or fabrication |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Boot manufacture and repair |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol.100F) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) Leather dust - Lung (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Building construction |
1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
|
Building material and particle Board, working with |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Butadiene monomer production |
1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Cabinet manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Cadmium alloy production |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Lung (1) (Vol. 58,Vol.100C) (2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium and cadmium Compounds - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Cadmium pigment manufacture and formulation |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Lung (Vol. 58, Vol.100C) Limited Evidence - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) |
| Cadmium production and refining |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds – Lung (1) (Vol. 58, Vol.100C) (2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Carpentry and joinery |
Limited Evidence - Carpentry and joinery – Nasal cavity, paranasal sinus (2B) (Supp. 7) (1987) |
| Carpets, working with |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Catalyst workers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Cemented carbide makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Ceramics |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Chemical – dye industry |
Benzidine – urinary bladder (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
|
Chemical plant – manufacturing and processing |
4-aminobiphenyl - Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F) Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol.100F) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) 1,3-Butadiene – Hematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100F) (2012) 1,2-Dichloropropane – cholangiocarcinoma (1) (Vol. 110) (In prep) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Formaldehyde - Leukemia, nasopharyngeal (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence - Formaldehyde - Sinonasal Cancer, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Chemists |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol.100F) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) |
|
Chewing betel quid, primarily done in India and southeast Asia |
Areca nut - Betel quid with added tobacco - Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus (Vol. 100E)(2012) Areca nut - Betel quid without added tobacco - Oral cavity, esophagus (Vol. 100E)(2012) Limited Evidence – Areca nut - Betel quid with added tobacco - Liver (Vol. 100E)(2012) Limited Evidence - Areca nut - Betel quid without added tobacco – Liver (Vol.100E)(2012) |
|
Children and adolescents, following– nuclear reactor accident |
Radioiodines, including Iodine-131 - Thyroid (1) (100D) (2012) Limited Evidence – Radioiodines, including Iodine-131 – salivary gland, digestive Tract, unspecified (100D) (2012) |
| Chimney sweep (soot exposure) |
Soot (chimney sweeping) – Skin, lung (1) (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence –Soot (chimney sweeping) - Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Chinese herbs |
Aristolochic Acid, plants containing (1) (Vol. 100A) (2012)- Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A) urothelial – mucosal layer within urinary bladder (Vol. 100A - in body of monograph, causal association between herb and nephropathy/urothelial cancer, but not listed in evaluation table section) |
| Chloromethyl methyl ether manufacturing |
Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)/Chloromethyl methyl ether(CMME) (technical grade) (Vol. 100F) - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Chloromethyl methyl ether workers |
Bis(chloromethyl)ether(BCME)/ Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) (technical grade) (Vol. 100F) - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| 2-chloronaphthylamine production |
2-Naphthylamine – Bladder, urinary (US - Commercial manufacture and use banned in early 1970’s)(Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Chlorophenols production |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin (Dioxin) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin (Dioxin) Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Chromate pigment production |
Chromium (VI) compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) Limited Evidence – Chromium (VI) compounds Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Chromium plating |
Chromium (VI) compounds- Lung (Vol. 100C) Limited Evidence – Chromium (VI) compounds Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Chromate production |
Chromium (VI) compounds Lung (Vol. 100C) Limited Evidence – Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Clean-up workers, nuclear or radiation accidents |
X-radiation and gamma radiation (Vol. 75, Vol. 100D) – Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC), female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia (excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure) (Vol. 100D) (2012) Limited Evidence – X-radiation and gamma radiation - Rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D) (2012) |
| Coal gasification |
Coal gasification (PAH related industry - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) ***Myeloma (Doll, 1972; Hansen, 1992) |
|
Coal – Indoor emissions from household combustion of coal |
Coal – Indoor emissions from household combustion of coal - Lung (Vol. 100E) (2012) |
|
Coal-tar distillation – PAH-related exposures |
Coal-tar distillation - PAH-related exposures, Skin (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
|
Coal-tar pitches (paving, roofing), PAH-related exposures |
Coal-tar pitches (paving , roofing), PAH – related exposures - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Coal-tar pitches (paving, roofing), PAH – related exposures - Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Coffee consumption during pregnancy |
Childhood leukaemia in off-spring – Acute lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia (Cheng, J, et al. 2014, Thomopoulos, TP, et al. 2015,Yan, K, et al. 2016) |
| Coke oven workers – Indirect production |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) |
| Coke Production |
Coke production - PAH – related exposures - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Construction carpentry |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Cosmetologist |
Vinyl chloride (hairspray in 1970’s, Infante and Petty, 2009) - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
|
Dental equipment and supplies manufacturing and use |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Dental laboratories |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
DES, diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) |
DES, diethylstilbestrol - vagina and cervix (exposure in utero) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited evidence – testis (exposure in utero), (Vol. 100A)(2012) |
| Diatomaceous earth industries |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Disinfectant makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Door manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Drinking alcoholic beverages |
Alcohol consumption - Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, female breast (Vol.100E))(2012) Limited Evidence – Alcohol consumption - Pancreas (Vol. 100E)(2012) |
| Dry cleaning |
Trichloroethylene – Kidney (Vol. 106)(2014) Limited Evidence - Trichloroethylene – Bile Duct, Liver, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 106)(2014) |
| Dye manufacturing |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) 2-Naphthylamine – Bladder, urinary (US - Commercial manufacture and use banned in early 1970’s)(Vol. 100F) (2012) ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Dyers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Dyestuffs manufacturing | Benzidine – urinary bladder (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Dye Usage |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
|
Eating infected raw or undercooked freshwater fish from southeast Asia , China, and Korea |
Clonorchis sinensis, infection with parasite – Chinese liver fluke – infection acquired by eating raw or under cooked freshwater fish, primarily southern China, seen in Korea, Hong Kong, Macao and Viet Nam - Cholangiocarcinoma (Cancer of the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine) (Vol. 100B)(2012) Opisthorchis viverrini parasite – Southeast Asia liver fluke, infection from eating of raw or undercooked infected fish) - Cholangiocarcinoma (Cancer of bile ducts from liver to small intestine) (Vol. 100B)(2012) |
| Eating salted fish, Chinese style |
Salted fish, Chinese style - Nasopharynx (Vol. 100E) Limited Evidence – Stomach (Vol. 100E)(2012) |
| Electrical connectors production |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Electronics manufacturing and recycling |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Electroplaters |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Embalmers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Enamellers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Engineering and scientific equipment manufacturing and use |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Epoxy resin hardeners manufacture |
ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine, used for staining tissues - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Ethylene oxide production |
Ethylene oxide– Breast, lymphohematopoietic cancer (EPA, 2015) Limited Evidence – Ethylene oxide – Lymphoid tumors (non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), breast (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Farming – pesticide use |
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds- Lung, skin, urinary bladder (Vol. 100C) Limited Evidence – Arsenic - Kidney, liver, prostate (Vol. 100C) (2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Formaldehyde manufacture |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Formaldehyde used as disinfectant |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Foundries |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Freshwater fish – eating raw or under cooked freshwater fish which contain the infective stage of flukes |
Clonorchis sinensis (parasite), seen primarily in Korea, southern China, Hong Kong, Macao and Viet Nam (Vol. 100B) (2012) – Cholangiocarcinoma (Cancer of the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine) (Vol. 100B) (2012) Opisthorchis viverrini (parasite), seen primarily in Thailand and Laos (Vol. 100B) (2012) – Cholangiocarcinoma (Cancer of bile ducts from liver to small intestine) (Vol. 100B) (2012) |
| Funeral parlor workers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Fungicide manufacture |
ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine, used for staining tissues - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Furniture manufacturing |
Formaldehyde (varnishing) - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (1) (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Fur treatment |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Garment workers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Gas-mask makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
|
Gasoline production, storage, transport, vending and combustion |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120) (2012) MDS (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2012) 1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100A) (2012) |
| Golf club manufacture and repair | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Gold miners |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Granite workers |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C) |
| Haematite underground mining | Radon (Suppl. 7, Vol. 100D) |
| Hairdressers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) Vinyl chloride - Vinyl chloride (hairspray in 1970’s, Infante and Petty, 2009) - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Handling and spraying of Agent Orange (military in Viet Nam) |
(Dioxin) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin -Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Handling and spraying of 2,4,5-T |
(Dioxin) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin -Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Hazardous waste processing | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Helicobacter pylori (infection of) |
Helicobacter pylori (infection of) - Non-cardia gastric carcinoma, low-grade B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric lymphoma (Vol. 61, Vol. 100B 2012) |
| Herbicide plants |
(Dioxin) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Incinerator plants (hazardous waste) |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)92012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Indoor radon exposure | Radon (Vol. D) - Lung (Vol. 100D) (2012) |
| Ink makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Iron founding | Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
|
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids |
Nasal cavity (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Jewelers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Joinery shops |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Jute processing | Mineral oils – Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Laboratory workers |
Aflatoxins, naturally occurring fungal toxins (Vol. 100F) - Hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F) (2012) Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)/ Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) (technical grade) (Vol. 100F) - Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) 4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), used as model compound for studying carcinogens – No specific site (Vol. 100F) (2012) 2-Naphthylamine, aromatic amine – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine, used for staining tissues - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Leather workers |
Benzene (where solvents are used)– Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120)(2018) Leather dust - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Logging |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Magnet makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Manufactured board mills |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
|
Mechanical measuring devices manufacturing and use |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Mechanical plating |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Lung (Vol. 58, Vol.100C, 2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium and cadmium Compounds -Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Medical patients |
Azathioprine – Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin (Vol. 100A)(2012) Busulfan – acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) Chlorambucil – acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Chlornaphazine – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100A) (2012) Cyclophosphamide - Acute myeloid leukaemia, bladder (Vol. 100A)2012) Cyclosporine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin, multiple other sites (Vol. 100A)(2012) DES, diethylstilbestrol -Breast (exposure during pregnancy), vagina and cervix (exposure in utero) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited evidence – DES - testis (exposure in utero),endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Estrogen-only menopausal therapy – Endometrium, ovary (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited Evidence – Estrogen-only menopausal Therapy - breast (Vol. 100A)(2012) Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy - Endometrium (risk decreases with number of days/month of progestogen use), breast (Vol. 100A)(2012) Estrogen-progestogen, combined oral contraceptives (OCC) – Breast, cervix, liver (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited Evidence – Estrogen-progestogen, combined oral contraceptives (OCC) - Endometrium, ovary (Vol. 100A)(2012) Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin - Acute myeloid leukaemia, (+MDS) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Melphalan - Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) MOPP, combination chemotherapy - Acute myeloid leukemia, lung (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin – Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing - Renal pelvis, ureter(Vol. 100A)(2012) Phosphorus-32, beta-particle emitter – Acute leukemia (Vol. 100D)(2012) Radium-224 and decay products – Bone (Vol. 100D)(2012) Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3- (4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol.100A)(2012) Thiotepa (anti-neoplastic agent) – Leukaemia (Vol. 100A) Thorium-232 and decay products – Liver, extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, leukaemia (excluding CLL) (Vol. 100D)(2012) Tamoxifen (anti-neoplastic agent) –Endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Treosulfan, anti-neoplastic agent - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol. 100A) (2012) X-radiation or gamma radiation – medical patients and in-utero exposure (off-spring of pregnant medical patients) - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, skin (BCC), female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, leukaemia (excluding CLL), thyroid, kidney ( atomic- bomb survivors, medical patients), and multiple sites (in-utero exposure) (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Medical treatment facility |
Azathioprine – Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin (Vol. 100A)(2012) Busulfan – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) Chlorambucil – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Chlornaphazine – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100A) (2012) Cyclophosphamide - Acute myeloid leukaemia, bladder (Vol. 100A)(2012) Cyclosporine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin, multiple other sites (Vol. 100A)(2012) DES, diethylstilbestrol - Breast (exposure during pregnancy), vagina and cervix (exposure in utero) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited evidence – DES - Testis (exposure in utero),endometrium (Vol. 100A) (2012) Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin - Acute myeloid leukaemia, (Vol. 100A)(2012) Melphalan - Acute myeloid leukaemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) MOPP, combination chemotherapy - Acute myeloid leukemia, lung (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin – Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing - Renal pelvis, ureter(Vol. 100A)(2012) Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3- (4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol.100A)(2012) Tamoxifen (anti-neoplastic agent) –Endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Thiotepa (anti-neoplastic agent) – Leukaemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Thorium-232 and decay products – Liver, extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, leukaemia (excluding CLL) (Vol. 100D)(92012) ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine, used for staining tissues - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) Treosulfan, anti-neoplastic agent - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol. 100A) (2012) Vinyl chloride (used as anesthetic gas, 1960’s) Vinyl chloride - Vinyl chloride (hairspray in 1970’s, Infante and Petty, 2009) - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Ethylene oxide (used for sterilizing equipment –Lymphoid tumours (non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), breast (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Medical uses of radiation |
X-radiation and gamma radiation (Vol. 75, Vol.100D,2012) – Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC), female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia (excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure) (Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited – X-radiation and gamma radiation - rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Metal industry | Mineral oils – Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Metallizers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Metal plating |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| 4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) manufacture and use |
4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) – No specific site (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Machine production |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120)(2018) |
| Magenta production |
Magenta production – Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Maize processing plants |
Aflatoxins, naturally occurring fungal toxins (Vol. 100F)(2012) – Hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Manufacture of abrasives |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Manufacture of dyes |
2-Naphthylamine, aromatic amine, formerly used in this process – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Manufacturing of food spices |
Limited Evidence – Ethylene oxide (used for sterilizing supplies) - Lymphoid tumors (non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), breast (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Manufacture of man-made vitreous fibers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Medical supplies manufacturing |
Ethylene oxide (used for sterilizing equipment) – Breast, lymphohematopoietic cancer (EPA 2015) Limited Evidence – Ethylene oxide (used for sterilizing supplies) - Lymphoid tumors (non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), breast (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Metal machining | Mineral oils – Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Military |
X-radiation and gamma radiation - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia ( excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure)(Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited - X-radiation and gamma radiation rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Mineral oils | Mineral Oils - Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Miners, underground | Radon-222 - Lung (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Mining |
Asbestos (amosite, actinolite, anthophyllite, Chrysotile, crocidolite, and tremolite (all forms)(fibrous minerals) – Lung, mesothelioma, larynx, ovary (Vol. 100C) (2012) Limited Evidence – Asbestos (amosite, actinolite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, and tremolite (all forms)(fibrous minerals) - Colorectum, pharynx, stomach (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Mobile homes manufacture and use |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Model and pattern making |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Mond process workers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Mould makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Mule spinning | Mineral oils – Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Mustard gas production |
Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) - Lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Mustard gas production - Larynx (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Nickel-alloy makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Lung (Vol.100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C(2012)) |
| Nickel miners |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Nickel refiners |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Nickel smelters |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Nickel workers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung,, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Nonferrous foundries and smelters |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) |
| Nuclear control equipment workers | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) |
| Nuclear fuel cycles |
X-radiation and gamma radiation - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia ( excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure)(Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited - X-radiation and gamma radiation - rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Nuclear reactor accident, following |
Fission products, including strontium-90 (radiation, beta-particle emitter) - Solid cancers, leukaemia (Vol. 100D)(2012) Radioiodines, including strontium-90 (beta-particle emitter) - Thyroid (children and adolescents) (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Nuclear reactor workers |
X-radiation and gamma radiation - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia ( excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure)(Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited - X-radiation and gamma radiation - rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Nuclear clean-up workers |
X-radiation and gamma radiation - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia ( excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure)(Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited - X-radiation and gamma radiation - rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Painter, occupational exposure as |
Lung, urinary bladder, pleural mesothelioma (Vol.100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Painter, occupational exposure as - Childhood leukaemia, after maternal exposure (before and during pregnancy or both (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Painting production |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120) (2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) |
| Paint makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Paints, working with |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F), Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde -, Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Paper and pulp mills (that use chlorine bleaches) |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Paper manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Paper workers |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Particle-board mills |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Pathologists |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Paving |
Coal-tar pitches (paving , roofing), PAH – related exposures - Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) Coal-tar pitches - Limited Evidence – Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| PCP production |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin (Dioxin) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Penpoint makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Pesticide production |
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds- Lung, skin, urinary bladder (Vol. 100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Arsenic -Kidney, liver, prostate (Vol. 100C)(2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Pesticide Usage |
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds- Lung, skin, urinary bladder (Vol. 100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Arsenic -Kidney, liver, prostate (Vol. 100C)(2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Petrochemical plant |
1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100A)(2012) |
| Petroleum refinery workers |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120)(2018) 1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100F)(2012) Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Pharmaceutical production |
Azathioprine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin (Vol. 100A)(2012) Busulfan – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) Chlorambucil – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Chlornaphazine – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100A) (2012) Cyclophosphamide - Acute myeloid leukaemia, bladder (Vol. 100A)(2012) Cyclosporine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin, multiple other sites (Vol. 100A)(2012) DES, diethylstilbestrol -Breast (exposure during pregnancy), vagina and cervix (exposure in utero) (Vol. 100A(2012)) Limited evidence –DES - Testis (exposure in utero),endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin - Acute myeloid leukaemia, (+MDS) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Melphalan - Acute myeloid leukaemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) MOPP, combination chemotherapy – Acute myeloid leukemia, lung (Vol. 100A) (2012) Phenacetin – Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A) (2012) Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing - Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A)(2012) Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3- (4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol.100A)(2012) Tamoxifen (anti-neoplastic agent) –Endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Thiotepa (anti-neoplastic agent) – Leukaemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine, used for staining tissues - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) Treosulfan, anti-neoplastic agent - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol. 100A) (2012) |
| Pharmacy workers |
Azathioprine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin (Vol. 100A)(2012) Busulfan – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) Chlorambucil – Acute myeloid leukemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Chlornaphazine – Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100A) Cyclophosphamide - Acute myeloid leukaemia, bladder (Vol. 100A)(2012) Cyclosporine - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin, multiple other sites (Vol. 100A)(2012) DES, diethylstilbestrol -Breast (exposure during pregnancy), vagina and cervix (exposure in utero) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Limited evidence – DES - Testis (exposure in utero),endometrium (Vol. 100A) (2012) Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin - Acute myeloid leukaemia, (+MDS) (Vol. 100A)(2012) Melphalan - Acute myeloid leukaemia (Vol. 100A) (2012) MOPP, combination chemotherapy - Acute myeloid leukemia, lung (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin (Vol. 100A) - Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A)(2012) Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing (Vol. 100A) - Renal pelvis, ureter (Vol. 100A)(2012) Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3- (4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol.100A)(2012) Tamoxifen (anti-neoplastic agent) –Endometrium (Vol. 100A)(2012) Thiotepa (anti-neoplastic agent) – Leukaemia (Vol. 100A)(2012) Treosulfan, anti-neoplastic agent - Acute myeloid leukaemia (+MDS) (Vol. 100A)(2012) |
| Pigments manufacture |
ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Planer mills |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Plastics (PVC) production |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Plastics production |
1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100F)(2012) Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (production of plastic piping) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Plywood mills |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Plutonium-production workers | Plutonium - Lung, liver, bone (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Polymer and derivatives production |
1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Polyurethane production |
4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) – No specific site (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Polyvinylchloride compounding |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds - Lung (Vol. 58, Vol.100C, 2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium and cadmium Compounds - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) (2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Polyvinyl chloride and PVC product manufacturing |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F) (2012) |
| Pottery workers |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Pulp manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Oil hydrogenators |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Ore mining |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Organic synthesis |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) |
| Organic chemical synthesizers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Quarry workers |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Radiation accident clean-up workers |
X-radiation and gamma radiation - Salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, lung, bone, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, female breast, urinary bladder, brain, CNS, thyroid, kidney (atomic bomb survivors, medical patients), leukaemia ( excluding CLL), multiple sites (in-utero exposure)(Vol. 100D)(2012) Limited - X-radiation and gamma radiation rectum, liver, pancreas, ovary, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Radium-dial painters |
Radium-226, and decay products – Bone, paranasal sinus and mastoid process (Vol. 100D)(2012) Radium-228 - Bone, paranasal sinus (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Refractories | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Refractory brick workers |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Residential exposure to Radon |
Radon-222 and decay products - Lung (Vol. 100D) (2012) |
| Resin production |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Roofing |
Coal-tar pitches (paving , roofing), PAH – related exposures - Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Coal-tar pitches (paving, roofing), PAH – related exposures - Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Road construction and maintenance |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) Erionite – Mesothelium (pleura, pentoneum and others)(Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Rubber chemical manufacturing- chemicals manufactured from ortho-toluidine |
ortho-Toluidine, aromatic amine - Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Rubber manufacturing |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) 1,3 Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100A) (2012) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) 2-Naphthylamine, aromatic amine – Bladder, urinary (US - commercial manufacture and use banned in early 1970’s)(Vol. 100F)(2012) Rubber-manufacturing industry - Leukaemia, lymphoma, urinary bladder, lung, stomach (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited evidence – Rubber- manufacturing industry - Prostate, larynx, esophagus (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Sandblasting |
Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Sawmills |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
|
Schistosoma haematobium(infection with) (parasite – blood fluke found in Middle East, India, Portugal, and Africa) |
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) Bladder, urinary (Vol. 100B)(2012) |
| Sexual Activity |
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)(spreads through saliva) Burkitt’s lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type), Hodgkin lymphoma, immuno-suppression – related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Vol. 100B)(2012) Limited Evidence – Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)(spreads through saliva) - Gastric carcinoma, lympho-epithelioma- like carcinoma (Vol. 100B)(2012) Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, infection with (HIV-1) - Cervix (Vol. 100B)(2012) Human papillomavirus, type16 (HPV-16) – Cervix (Vol. 100B)(2012) HPV–18 (Human papillomavirus, type 18) – Cervix (Vol. 100B)(2012) HPV-31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 (Human papillomavirus, types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) - Cervix (Vol. 100B)(2012) |
| Shale oil extraction plants | Shale oils - Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
|
Ships, unloading of (not oil tankers or barges) |
Aflatoxins, naturally occurring fungal toxins (Vol. 100F) - Hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Shoe manufacture and repair |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) Leather dust - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Silicotics |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Smelter worker |
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds- Lung, skin, urinary bladder (Vol. 100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds- Kidney, liver, prostate (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Soldering | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C) |
| Solar radiation – sun exposure |
Skin (basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma (Vol. 100D) (2012) |
| Solvents, chlorinated, manufacture |
Trichloroethylene – Kidney (Vol. 106)(2014) Limited Evidence - Trichloroethylene – Bile Duct, Liver, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 106)(2014) Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Soot exposure (chimney sweeping) |
Soot (chimney sweeping) – Skin, lung (Vol. 100F) (2012) Limited Evidence -Soot (chimney sweeping) - Urinary bladder (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Spark-plug makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Stainless-steel makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Stainless-steel welders |
Chromium (VI) compounds- Lung (Vol. 100C) (2012) Limited Evidence – Chromium (VI) Compounds - Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Steel founding | Steel founding - Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Steel mills |
(Dioxin) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Stone industry workers |
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Strong inorganic acid mists |
Larynx (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence - Lung (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Styrene-butadiene latex production | 1,3 Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100A)(2012) |
| Synthetic rubber production | 1,3-Butadiene – Haematolymphatic organs (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| 2,4,5-T production |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin (Dioxin) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| TCP production |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin (Dioxin) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, soft tissue sarcoma (STS),non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Telecommunication equipment manufacture and use | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Textile and cloth factories |
Benzene – Acute myeloid leukaemia, other acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (Vol.120)(2018), MDS (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Benzene - childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined (Vol. 120) (2018) Benzidine based dyes – Bladder cancer (Vol. 29)(1982) Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Textile dyers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Tobacco, smokeless usage |
Tobacco smokeless – Oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas (Vol. 100E)(2012) |
| Tobacco smoking |
Cadmium and cadmium compounds – Lung (Vol.100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium and cadmium Compounds - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C) (2012) Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone (NNK) (nitrosamine found in tobacco smoke) - no specific site (Vol. 100E) (2012) N’-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) (nitrosamine found in tobacco smoke) – no specific site (Vol. 100E) (2012) Tobacco smoking - Lung, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, esophagus (adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma), stomach, pancreas, liver, kidney (body and pelvis), ureter, urinary bladder, uterine cervix, bone marrow (myeloid leukaemia)(Vol. 83) ovary (mucinous), colorectum (Vol. 100C)(2012) Limited evidence – Tobacco smoking - Female breast (Vol. 100E)(2012) |
| Tobacco smoking – Parental smoking, including preconception and pregnancy |
Hepatoblastoma, embryonic cancer in off-spring (Vol. 100E)(2012) Limited evidence – Tobacco smoking – Parental smoking, including preconception and pregnancy - Childhood leukaemia ( in particular acute lymphocytic leukaemia) (Vol. 100E) (2012) |
| Tobacco smoking, second-hand smoke |
Lung (Vol. 100E) (2012) Limited evidence – Tobacco smoking, second-hand - Larynx, pharynx (Vol. 100E)(2012) |
| Tool and dye making | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Tool setters and toolmakers | Mineral oils – Skin (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) |
Skin (basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous ) cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma (Vol. 100D) ) (2012) |
| Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices |
Skin (melanoma, eye (melanoma, particularly choroids and ciliary body) (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Underground miners | Radon-222 and decay products - Lung (Vol. 100D)(2012) |
| Urethane rubber products, such manufacture as shock-absorption pads and conveyor belting, |
4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) – No specific site (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Vacuum tube makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Varnishes, use of |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Varnishing of furniture and wooden floors |
Formaldehyde - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Varnish makers |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Vinyl chloride monomer manufacturing |
Vinyl chloride – Hepatic angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Wastewater treatment facilities |
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F)(2012) |
| Wastewater treatment facilities | Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) - All cancers combined (Vol. 100F) Limited Evidence – Dioxin - Lung, Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Vol. 100F) |
| Welders |
Nickel compounds and metal - Lung, nose, nasal sinuses (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Welding or flame cutting | Beryllium and Be compounds - Lung (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Window manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Wine /vineyard worker |
Arsenic – Lung, skin, urinary bladder (Vol. 100C)(2012) Limited evidence – Arsenic - Kidney, liver, prostate (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Wood flooring, installation, and refinishing |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Wood furniture manufacturing |
Formaldehyde (varnishing) - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence – Formaldehyde - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F)(2012) Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Wood workers |
Formaldehyde (varnishing) - Leukaemia, nasopharynx (Vol. 100F)(2012) Limited Evidence - Sinonasal cancer (Vol. 100F) (2012) Wood dust – Nasal cavity and paranasal Sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Wooden boat manufacture |
Wood dust - Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Zeolites mining, milling and processing | Erionite – Mesothelioma (Vol. 100C)(2012) |
| Zinc smelting, soldering |
Cadmium, and cadmium compounds - Lung, (Vol.100C)(2012) Limited Evidence – Cadmium, and cadmium compounds - Prostate, kidney (Vol. 100C)(2012) |